Denial of Service (DoS) Attacks

A Denial of Service (DoS) Attack is a malicious attempt to disrupt the normal operation of a smart contract, making it inaccessible or causing it to fail in performing its intended functions. Attackers exploit flaws in the contract logic or overwhelm it with excessive transactions.

How DoS Attacks Work

1. Gas Limit Exploitation: Attackers create operations that exceed the block gas limit, causing transactions to fail. Example: A loop that processes a large number of operations.

2. Blocking Resources: Attackers monopolize contract resources or logic, such as being the only recipient of rewards. Example:

   solidity
   
   function rewardWinner(address winner) public {
       require(msg.sender == owner, "Not authorized");
       payable(winner).transfer(prize);
   }

   If the winner address is a contract with a fallback function that always reverts, the reward transfer fails, blocking the function.

3. Spamming Transactions: Attackers flood the network with spam transactions targeting the contract, making legitimate transactions expensive or impossible.

Real-Life Impact

• Loss of Functionality: The contract becomes inaccessible or unable to perform its main purpose.

• High Gas Costs: Users face increased gas costs to interact with the contract.

• Funds Locked: Assets may be permanently locked in the contract.

Types of DoS Attacks

1. Gas Limit DoS: Exploiting high gas-consuming functions to exceed block limits.

2. Storage Exhaustion DoS: Overloading the contract with data to increase storage costs.

3. Logic-Based DoS: Exploiting poorly designed functions or specific edge cases.